注释（第2/13页）

[31] Kaldor, New and Old Wars; Kalyvas, “‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars”;Münkler, New Wars.

[32] Geuss, “Nietzsche and Genealogy”; Bevir, “What Is Genealogy?”

[33] Skinner, “Genealogy of the Modern State,” 325.

[34] Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality, 51.

[35] Ibid., 53 (my emphasis).

[36] Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts”; Collier, Hidalgo, and Maciuceanu,“Essentially Contested Concepts.”

[37] Gallie, preface to Philosophy and the Historical Understanding, 8–9.

[38] Kalyvas, “Civil Wars,” 417.

[39] For helpful overviews, see Sambanis, “Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Literature on Civil War”; Collier and Sambanis,Understanding Civil War; Blattman and Miguel, “Civil War.”

[40] Uppsala Conflict Data Program (1948—present), http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/.

[41] The Correlates of War Project, http://www.correlatesofwar.org/; Small and Singer, Resort to Arms; Gleditsch, “Revised List of Wars Between and Within Independent States, 1816—2002”; Sarkees and Wayman, Resort to War; Reiter,Stam, and Horowitz, “Revised Look at Interstate Wars, 1816—2007.”

[42] Dixon, “What Causes Civil Wars?,” 730; Lounsberry and Pearson, Civil Wars,viii; Newman, Understanding Civil Wars.

[43] Though for a recent exception, spanning the centuries from ancient Rome to Afghanistan, see Armitage et al., “AHR Roundtable: Ending Civil Wars.”

[44] Guldi and Armitage, History Manifesto; Armitage et al., “La longue durée en débat.”

[45] Armitage, “What’s the Big Idea?”; Mc Mahon, “Return of the History of Ideas?”; Mc Mahon, Divine Fury, xiii.

[46] Mc Mahon, Happiness; Mc Mahon, Divine Fury; Forst, Toleration in Conflict; Rosenfeld, Common Sense; Fitzmaurice, Sovereignty, Property, and Empire,1500—2000; Kloppenberg, Toward Democracy.

[47] Fitzmaurice, Sovereignty, Property, and Empire, 1500—2000, 20; Dubos, Le mal extrême.

[48] De Rouen and Heo, Civil Wars of the World. 这是一个更易于把握的主题概要。

[49] Manicas, “War, Stasis, and Greek Political Thought”; Berent, “Stasis, or the Greek Invention of Politics.”

[50] Gardet, “Fitna”; As-Sirri, Religiös-politische Argumentation im fruhen Islam(610—685); Ayalon, “From Fitna to Thawra”; Martinez-Gross and Tixier du Mesnil, eds., “La fitna:Le désordre politique dans l’Islam médiéval.”

[51] Similar terms for “internal war” are found in Finnish, Persian, and Turkish.Kissane, Nations Torn Asunder, 39.

[52] Armitage, “Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War.”

[53] Armitage, “Cosmopolitanism and Civil War.”

第一章 发明内战 罗马传统

[1] Loraux, Divided City, trans. Pache and Fort, 108.

[2] Nicolet, Demokratia et aristokratia; Wiedemann, “Reflections of Roman Political Thought in Latin Historical Writing,” 519.

[3] “Aemulumque Thucydidis Sallustium”: Velleius Paterculus, Historiae 2.36.2;Scanlon, Influence of Thucydides on Sallust; Pelling,“ ‘Learning from That Violent Schoolmaster.’ ”

[4] Botteri, “Stási.”

[5] Clavadetscher-Thürlemann, ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣΔΙΚΑΙΣ und bellum iustum, 178–83;Wynn, Augustine on War and Military Service, 128–31.

[6] Rosenberger, Bella et expeditiones.

[7] Keenan, Wars Without End, 32.

[8] Jal, La guerre civile à Rom, 19–21; Urbainczyk, Slave Revolts in Antiquity,100 –115; Schiavone, Spartacus.

[9] Robert Brown, “The Terms Bellum Sociale and Bellum Civile in the Late Republic,” 103.

[10] 对罗马civitas的理解，详见Ando, Roman Social Imaginaries, 7–14。

[11] harvey, Rebel Cities; Hazan, History of the Barricade.

[12] Brett, Changes of State.

[13] Plato, Republic 462a—b, in Collected Dialogues, 701 (translation adapted).

[14] Gehrke, Stasis.

[15] Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 30–32.

[16] Plato, Republic 470b—c, in Collected Dialogues, 709.

[17] Plato, Laws 628b, 629d, in Collected Dialogues, 1229 (translation adapted),1231; Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 67–70.

[18] Stouratis, “Byzantine War Against Christians”; Kyriakidis, “Idea of Civil War in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Byzantium.”

[19] Panourgía, Dangerous Citizens, 81– 86.

[20] Loraux, “Oikeios polemos.”

[21] Plato, Republic 471e, in Collected Dialogues, 710.

[22] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre 3.81– 83, trans. Hobbes,187–90. 对“党争”的描述后面紧接的那部分，现在普遍认为是后补插叙。Fuks, “Thucydides and the Stasis in Corcyra”。

[23] 霍布斯是第一位将修昔底德的著作从希腊文翻译成英文者；而更早期的英文版 The Hystory Writtone by Thucidides the Athenyan of the Warre, Whiche Was Betwene the Peloponesians and the Athenyans, 是由Nicolls从Claude de Seysell的法文译著所翻译的。同样，避免了使用civil war这个词，替代的是civile dissention，cyvill seditions和cyvill battailles等词。17世纪20年代霍布斯进行翻译时的政治语境——完全不同于17世纪40年代的内战时期——参见Hoekstra, “Hobbes’s Thucydides,” 551–57; 现代对修昔底德的普遍理解，参见Harloe and Morley, eds., Thucydides and the Modern World。