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[5] Koselleck, “Historical Criteria of the Modern Concept of Revolution,” trans.Tribe, 47, 48, 49。revolution和civil war两个概念的连续性，参见Koselleck,Critique and Crisis, 160 – 61; Bulst et al., “Revolution, Rebellion, Aufruhr,Bürgerkrieg,” esp. 712 –14, 726 –27, 778 – 80。
[6] Momigliano, “Ancient History and the Antiquarian,” 294; Goulemot, Le règne de l’histoire, 127–56.
[7] Echard, The Roman History from the Building of the City to the Perfect Settlement of the Empire by Augustus Cæsar.
[8] Vertot, Histoire de la conjuration de Portugal; Vertot, Histoire des révolutions de Suède où l’on voit les changemens qui sont arrivez; Vertot, Histoire des révolutions de Portugal.
[9] Trakulhun, “Das Ende der Ming-Dynastie in China (1644).”
[10] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 195 – 96.
[11] Vattel, Law of Nations (1758), 3.18.293, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.
[12] “A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled” ( July 4, 1776), in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165.
[13] Vattel, Law of Nations 1.4.51, 3.1.1–2, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 105, 469.
[14] Ibid., 3.18.287, 290, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 641, 642.
[15] “Thomas Jefferson’s ‘Original Rough Draft’ of the Declaration of Independence,” in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 161.
[16] Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.292, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 644 – 45. On Vattel’s doctrine of civil war, see Rech, Enemies of Mankind, 209 –13, 216 –20.
[17] Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.293, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.
[18] Ibid., 3.18.295, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 648 – 49.
[19] Zurbuchen, “Vattel’s ‘Law of Nations’ and the Principle of Non-intervention”;Pitts, “Intervention and Sovereign Equality.”
[20] Vattel, Law of Nations 2.4.56, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 290 – 91.
[21] Braund, “Bernard Romans.”
[22] Romans, To the Hone. Jno. Hancock Esqre.; Romans, Philadelphia, July 12.1775.
[23] Romans, Annals of the Troubles in the Netherlands.
[24] Belcher, First American Civil War, is the exception that proves the rule.
[25] Paine, Common Sense, in Collected Writings, 25.
[26] O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided; more generally, see Armitage, “First Atlantic Crisis.”
[27] Lawson, “Anatomy of a Civil War”; Shy, People Numerous and Armed,183– 92; Wahrman, Making of the Modern Self, 223 –37, 239– 44; Simms, Three Victories and a Defeat, 593–600; Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World,11– 44; Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, 21–53.
[28] Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, 352.
[29] Bollan, The Freedom of Speech and Writing upon Public Affairs, Considered;with an Historical View of the Roman Imperial Laws Against Libels, 158 –59.关于Bollan对罗马史的运用，参见York, “Defining and Defending Colonial American Rights,” 213。
[30] Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, 91.
[31] Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 4.7.c, ed.Campbell and Skinner, 2:622.
[32] Pocock, “Political Thought in the English-Speaking Atlantic, 1760—1790,”256 –57.
[33] Newport Mercury, April 24, 1775, quoted in Breen, American Insurgents,American Patriots, 281– 82.
[34] Civil War; a Poem; Hartley, Substance of a Speech in Parliament, upon the State of the Nation and the Present Civil War with America, 19; Roebuck, Enquiry,Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America, Ought to Be Imputed to Great Britain or America.
[35] [Jackson], Emma Corbett; Wahrman, Making of the Modern Self, 243 – 44.
[36] Cooper, introduction (1831) to Spy, 13; Larkin, “What Is a Loyalist?”
[37] Pocock, Three British Revolutions, 1641, 1688, 1776.
[38] “A Declaration…Seting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms”( July 6, 1775), in Hutson, Decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind, 96, 97(my emphasis).
[39] Lord North to George III, July 26, 1775, quoted in Marshall, Making and Unmaking of Empires, 338.
[40] Paine, Common Sense, in Collected Writings, 45 – 46.
[41] Ibid., 18 –19. Compare Howell, Twelve Several Treatises, of the Late Revolutions in These Three Kingdomes, 118, where the total of “rebellions” since 1066 is given as “near upon a hundred.”
[42] On Paine and the “republican turn” in 1776, see Nelson, Royalist Revolution,108–45.
[43] “Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled” ( July 4, 1776), in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165, 170.
[44] Beaulac, “Emer de Vattel and the Externalization of Sovereignty.”
[45] Franklin to C. G. F. Dumas, Dec. 9, 1775, in Papers of Benjamin Franklin,22:287.
[46] Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165, 166.
[47] Lempérière, “Revolución, guerra civil, guerra de independencia en el mundo hispánico, 1808—1825”; Adelman, “Age of Imperial Revolutions”; Pani, “Ties Unbound”; Lucena Giraldo, Naciones de rebeldes; Pérez Vejo, Elegía criolla.