注释（第9/13页）

[8] Rousseau, Social Contract, in Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings 1.4.9, ed. Gourevitch, 46 – 47. 卢梭的观点一定程度上是反驳胡果·格劳秀斯“private” war这个概念的，详见本书第三章。

[9] Clausewitz, On War. 在克劳塞维茨没有那么知名的著作“small war” (kleiner Krieg)中也简短提到了内战，参见Clausewitz, Clausewitz on Small War,trans. Daase and Davis, 121, 131, 163。

[10] Mao and Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare.

[11] “Vouloir donner des maximes pour ces sortes de guerres serait absurde”:Jomini, Précis de l’art de la guerre, 1:85. 关于最近将内战置于规范理论中来叙述的尝试，更多参见Franco Restrepo, Guerras civiles; Fabre, Cosmopolitan War, 130 – 65。

[12] Moynier, Étude sur la Convention de Genève pour l’amélioration du sort des militaires blessés dans les armées en campagne (1864 et 1868), 304 (“Nous neparlons pas, cela va sans dire, des guerres civiles; les lois internationales ne leur sont pas applicables.”)

[13] In volumes 4 – 8 of Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, covering the period 1861 – 65, “rebellion” appears 340 times, “civil war” 64 times. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/.

[14] Gastineau, Histoire de la souscription populaire a la médaille Lincoln; Boritt,Neely, and Holzer, “European Image of Abraham Lincoln,” 161; Doyle, Cause of All Nations, 295 – 97.

[15] hugo, Les Misérables (The Wretched): A Novel; Providence Evening Bulletin,May 25, 1885, quoted in Lebreton-Savigny, Victor Hugo et les Américains(1825—1885), 31 (translation corrected). 法语的Les Misérables于1862年3月底在布鲁塞尔上市，而巴黎是4月底上市的。

[16] hugo, Les Misérables: A Novel, trans. Wilbour, 4:164 – 65.

[17] Laurent, “ ‘La guerre civile?’ ”; Caron, Frères de sang, 157 – 62.

[18] Beckert, Empire of Cotton, 242 – 73.

[19] Geyer and Bright, “Global Violence and Nationalizing Wars in Eurasia and America”; Bayly, Birth of the Modern World, 1780—1914, 148 – 65; Platt,Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom.

[20] Armitage et al., “Interchange.”

[21] Pavkovi , Creating New States, 65 – 94.

[22] Wimmer and Min, “From Empire to Nation-State,” 881 (quoted); Wimmer,Cederman, and Min, “Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict”; Wimmer, Waves of War.

[23] “Meeting of the Sub-committee [of the Société Publique for the Relief of Wounded Combatants], held on March 17, 1863,” in International Committee of the Red Cross, “The Foundation of the Red Cross”: 67.

[24] Boissier, Histoire du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 391 – 94; Siordet,“The Geneva Conventions and Civil War”; Sivakumaran, The Law of Noninternational Armed Conflict,31 – 37. (此段中受益颇多。)

[25] Mill, “A Few Words on Non-intervention,” in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 21:120, 118, 121; Varouxakis, Liberty Abroad, 77 – 89.

[26] Mill, “The Contest in America” (1862), in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill,21:140, 142, 138; Varouxakis, “‘Negrophilist’ Crusader.”

[27] Pitts, “Intervention and Sovereign Equality.”

[28] “Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union” (Dec. 20, 1860), in Journal of the Convention of the People of South Carolina, Held in 1860, 1861 and 1862,461 – 66 (my emphasis).

[29] Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session” ( July 4, 1861), in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 4:426, 435, 436 (Lincoln’s emphases).

[30] Ibid., 4:433.

[31] Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address” (March 4, 1861), in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 4:265.林肯最初使用treasonable而不是revolutionary。Ibid., 4:265n16.

[32] Pavkovic , Creating New States, 221 – 40.

[33] Lincoln, “Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg,”in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 7:23.

[34] Wright, “American Civil War (1861—65),” 43.

[35] Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray, 32 – 34.

[36] The Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863); Mc Ginty, Lincoln and the Court, 118 – 43;Lee and Ramsey, “Story of the Prize Cases”; Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray,20 – 29.

[37] The Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863), citing Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.293, ed.Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.

[38] halleck, International Law, 73 – 75.

[39] 哈勒克还从约米尼那里衍生出wars of Islamism这个类别。哈勒克后来翻译了约米尼的Life of Napoleon。

[40] halleck, International Law, 332 – 33.

[41] Carroll, War Powers of the General Government, 7–8, citing Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.293.

[42] Dyer, “Francis Lieber and the American Civil War”; Mack and Lesesne,Francis Lieber and the Culture of the Mind.

[43] Baxter, “First Modern Codification of the Law of War”; Hartigan, Military Rules, Regulations, and the Code of War; Witt, Lincoln’s Code; Finkelman,“Francis Lieber and the Modern Law of War.”