参考文献(第9/15页)

242 . M. Mauer, Comparative International Rates of Incarceration: Anexamination of causes and trends. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project,2003.

243 . USDepartment of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, ‘Incarcerationrates for prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction’, File: corpop25.wk1.http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/data/corpop25.wk1 (accessed 30 March2006).

244 . W. S. Wooden and A. O. Ballan, ‘Adaptation strategies and transientniches of one middle-class inmate in prison’, Psychological Reports(1996)78 (3, Pt 1): 870.

245 . The Sentencing Project, State Rates of Incarceration by Race.Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, 2004.

246 . R. Councell and J. Olagundoye. The Prison Population in 2001: Astatistical review.Home Office Findings 195. London: Home Office, 2003.

247 . Annie E. Casey Foundation, KidsCount Databook. Baltimore, MD:Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2008.

248 . Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and Leadership Conferenceon Civil Rights Education Fund, Justice on Trial: Racial disparities in theAmerican criminal justice system. Washington, DC: LCCR/LCCREF,2000.

249 . E. H. Johnson. ‘The Japanese experience: effects of decreasing resortto imprisonment’, in R. P. Weiss and N. South (eds.), Comparing PrisonSystems: Towards a comparative and international penology. Amsterdam:Gordon & Breach Publishers, 1998.

250 . J. O. Haley, ‘Confession, repentence and absolution’, in: M. Wrightand B. Galoway (eds), Mediation and Criminal Justice. Newbury Park,CA: Sage, 1989.

251 . Amnesty International, Annual Report – United States of America.London: Amnesty International, 2004.

252 . Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, The Rest of TheirLives: Life without parole for child offenders in the United States. NewYork: Human Rights Watch, 2005.

253 . Human Rights Watch, Cold Storage: Super-maximum securityconfinement in Indiana. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997.

254 . Human Rights Watch, Red Onion State Prison: Super-maximumsecurity confinement in Virginia. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999.

255 . United Nations Committee against Torture, Conclusions andRecommendations of the Committee against Torture: United States ofAmerica. Geneva: United Nations, 2006.

256 . J. Irwin, The Warehouse Prison: Disposal of the new dangerousclass. Cary, NC: Roxbury Publishing Company, 2005.

257 . Amnesty International, Ill-treatment of Inmates in Maricopa CountyJails, Arizona. London: Amnesty International, 1997.

258 . E. James, ‘A life again’, Guardian, 5 September 2005.

259 . L. A. Rhodes. ‘Can there be “best practices” in supermax?’ in D. Jones (ed.), Humane Prisons. Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing, 2006.

260 . The Commission on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons,Confronting Confinement. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2006.

261 . P. Carter. Managing Offenders, Reducing Crime. CorrectionalServices Review. London: Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, 2003.

262 . Home Office, Explaining Reconviction Rates: A critical analysis.Home Office Research Study 136. London: Home Office, 1995.

263 . S. Henry, ‘On the Effectiveness of Prison as Punishment. Incar-ceration Nation: The warehousing of America’s poor’. Ivy Tech StateCollege, South Bend, Indiana: http://www.is.wayne.edu/stuarthenry/Effectiveness_of_Punishment.htm, 2003.

264 . E. Currie, Crime and Punishment in America. New York: HenryHolt & Co, 1998.

265 . Youth Justice Board, Anti-social Behaviour Orders(B289). London:Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, 2006.

266 . NCH, Tackling Anti-social Behaviour: Have we got it right?London: NCHChildren’s Charities, 2006.

267 . K. Beckett and B. Western, ‘Governing social marginality’, in D. Garland (ed.), Mass Imprisonment: Social causes and consequences.London: Sage, 2001.

268 . D. Downes and K. Hansen, Welfare and Punishment: The relation-ship between welfare spending and imprisonment. London: Crime andSociety Foundation, 2006.

269 . J. Silverman, ‘Does prison work?’ ESRCSociety Today: Spotlights.http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/about/CI/CP/Our_Society_Today/Spotlights–2006/prison.aspx?ComponentId=16448&SourcePageId=16475(accessed 9 September 2008).

270 . M. Tonry, ‘Why are USincarceration rates so high?’ Crime andDelinquency(1999) 45: 419–37.

271 . J. Blanden, P. Gregg and S. Machin, Intergenerational mobility in Europe and North America. London: Centre for Economic Performance,London School of Economics, 2005.

272 . L. Mishel, J. Bernstein and S. Allegretto, The State of WorkingAmerica 2006/7. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, NY: ILRPress, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.

273 . OECD,Education at a Glance 2003. OECDIndicators. Paris:OECD, 2004.

274 . D. S. Massey, ‘The age of extremes: concentrated affluence andpoverty in the twenty-first century’, Demography(1996) 33: 395–412.

275 . P. A. Jargowsky, ‘Take the money and run: economic segregation inU.S. metropolitan areas’, American Sociological Review(1996) 61 (6):984–8.